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Background It has been reported that a high intake of dairy products might be associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in foreign studies, but no such study has yet been conducted on prodromal Parkinson's disease (pPD) and the Chinese population. Objective To investigate the prospective relationship between the intake of dairy products and pPD among people aged 55 and above in four provinces of China. Methods The research data were obtained from the baseline 2018 and follow-up 2020 surveys of Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease. A total of 9984 residents were selected who participated in both waves of surveys and had complete data on demographics, dietary products intake, and risk factors for PD. We evaluated the risk level and the numbers of related risk/prodromal markers of pPD in the participants based on a criteria recommended by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS). Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to obtain food consumption data in the past 12 months, and the intake of dairy products was calculated and divided into non-consumption and tertiles of consumption (T1, T2, and T3 from low to high). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between baseline dairy intake and risk level of follow-up pPD. Poisson regression and multinomial logit regression models were used to analyze the relationship of baseline dairy products and the number of risk/prodromal markers of follow-up pPD in the population, and multiple logistic regression was used to analyze each risk/prodromal marker of follow-up pPD according to baseline levels of dairy products intake. Results The percentage of residents without dairy products consumption was 58.02% in 2018, and the dairy products intakes were relatively high among residents being female, aged 55 to 74 years, with an education level of middle school and above, with a per capita monthly household income ≥ 1000 yuan, living in urban areas, and without active employment (P<0.05). The median risk level of pPD was 0.74% in 2020, and the proportion of residents with 3 to 5 markers was 66.74%. The multiple linear regression analysis results suggested no association between baseline dairy intake and follow-up risk level of pPD. The Poisson regression model showed that the high dairy products intake group at baseline (T3, median=250.00 g·d−1) was found to be 1.159 (95%CI: 1.065~1.261, Ptrend<0.001) times more likely to have the risk/prodromal markers of pPD at follow-up than non-consumers. When the number of markers was grouped, no statistically significant association was found by multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Although high dairy products intake levels might be associated with pPD risk/prodromal markers among people aged 55 and above in four provinces of China, no direct association is found between dairy products intake and pPD risk levels in this study.
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Background Gastrointestinal microbiota plays an important role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), and dietary factors have a great impact on intestinal micro ecology. At present, few studies focus on red meat and PD, especially prodromal PD (pPD). Objective To understand the relationships of the intake of red meat and processed meat products with pPD and the number of risk/prodromal markers, and to explore the association of dietary factors with pPD. Methods Based on the data of Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease in 2018 and 2020, adults aged 55 years and older with complete demographic information, dietary survey information, and information on risk factors related to PD were selected from four provinces of China. After excluding those reporting abnormal total energy intake or those reporting alcohol drinking or abused drugs for a long period of time, and confirmed mental diseases with prescribed drugs, a total of 10003 subjects were included. Food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the intake of red meat and processed meat products. The pPD-related risk/prodromal markers were selected following the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society criteria for pPD, and the risk level and the number of markers of pPD were then calculated. The relationship between the intake of red meat and processed meat and the risk level of pPD was analyzed by multiple linear regression. The relationship between the intake of red meat and processed meat and the pPD marker number groups was analyzed by multinomial logit regression model. Results In 2018, the intake of red meat and processed meat was 28.57 g·d−1 in the target population. In 2020, the median of the number of risk/prodromal markers was 3, and the median M (P25, P75) of the posterior probability of pPD was 0.74% (0.42%, 1.49%). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the higher the intake of red meat and processed meat, the higher the risk level of pPD in follow-up (b=0.021, P<0.05). The multiple logit regression model showed that compared with the lowest quartile (Q1), the highest quartile (Q4) group of red meat and processed meat intake were more likely reporting 3−5 risk/prodromal markers than ≤ 2 risk/prodromal markers (OR=1.185, 95%CI: 1.015−1.382). Conclusion The intake level of red meat and processed meat is related to the risk level of pPD, and a higher intake of red meat and processed meat may be a potential risk factor of pPD.
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Background China is witnessing an accelerated aging process and an increasingly serious situation of Parkinson's disease. Research on the pre-disease stage and its related influencing factors has gained more and more attention. Objective To analyze the current situation of prodromal Parkinson's disease (pPD) of people aged 55 years and above in four provinces of China, and to explore its influencing demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Methods Using the data of Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease in 2020, a total of 10724 participants with complete data on demographic and socio-economic factors and risk factors on Parkinson's disease were selected. Based on the criteria recommended by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS), we evaluated risk level (i.e., post-test probability) of pPd, prevalence of possible or probable pPD, and number of pPD-related risk/prodromal markers in the participants. Multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing socio-demographic factors of risk level of pPd and prevalence of possible or probable pPD, and Poisson regression and multinomial logit regression models were used to analyze the influencing socio-demographic factors of the number of pPD-related risk/prodromal markers in the total sample, men, and women, respectively. Results The median (P25, P75) of post-test probability of pPD in 2020 was 0.78% (0.42%, 1.66%), the prevalence rate of possible or probable pPD was 0.34%, and 69.03% of the participants reported 3-5 pPD-related risk/prodromal markers. The post-test probabilities of men, those with older age, lower education level, per capita monthly household income < 1000 yuan, urban residency, or without active employment were higher (P<0.05). Men and being aged ≥ 75 years had a higher prevalence of possible or probable pPD (P<0.05). The OR of possible or probable pPD was 8.404 (95%CI: 2.839−24.879) in subjects aged ≥ 75 years versus those aged 55−64 years. Males, those without active employment, being less educated, with older age, and urban residents were more likely to report pPD-related risk/prodromal markers than those of the opposite groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Men, subjects aged ≥75 years, those with lower education level, urban residents, and those without active employment have higher risk levels of pPD and are more likely to report pPD-related risk/prodromal markers among people aged 55 years and above in the four provinces of China, poor economic situation is also associated with higher risk levels of pPD.
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Objective:To investigate the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy (LVR) for obstructive defecation with overt pelvic structural abnormalities.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 31 obstructive defecation patients with overt pelvic structural abnormalities who were admitted to the Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from June 2014 to August 2020 were collected. There were 6 males and 25 females, aged 59(range, 32?81)years. All 31 patients underwent LVR through transabdominal approach. Observation indicators: (1) the Cleveland clinic constipation score (CCCS); (2) severity of obstructive defecation; (3) patients assessment of constipation quality of life (PAC-QoL). Follow-up was conducted using telephone interview and outpatient examination up to October 2021. One professional researcher assessed the constipation symptoms and quality of life of patients through outpatient interview or mobile software platform of Questionnaire Star. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison before and after operation was conducted using the Wilcoxon sign rank test. Results:(1) The CCCS. All 31 patients underwent LVR for the first time and were followed up for 61.8(range, 11.0?87.0)months. The constipation symptoms of the 22 patients were improved. The CCCS of the 31 patients before surgery and at the last follow-up time were 15.8(range, 8.0?26.0) and 10.7(range, 2.0?20.0), respectively, showing a significant difference ( Z=?3.98, P<0.05). (2) Severity of obstructive defecation. The severity scores of frequency of bowel movements, difficult of bowel movements, sensation of incomplete defecation, abdominal distension or pain, time of each bowel movements, daily unsuccessful times of defecation, artificial assisted defecation for the 31 patients were 2.9(range, 1.0?4.0), 3.0(range, 1.0?4.0), 1.9(range, 0?3.0), 0.5(range, 0?3.0), 2.6(range, 2.0?4.0), 2.0(range, 0?4.0), 0.9 (range, 0?2.0) before surgery, versus 1.7(range, 0?4.0), 1.6(range, 0?4.0), 1.2(range, 0?4.0), 0.3(range, 0?3.0), 1.7(range, 0?3.0), 1.4(range, 0?3.0), 0.7(range, 0?2.0) after surgery, respectively. There were significant differences in the frequency of bowel movements, difficult of bowel movements, sensation of in-complete defecation, abdominal distension or pain, time of each bowel movements, daily unsuccessful times of defecation for the 31 patients before and after surgery ( Z=?3.38, ?3.80, ?2.54, ?2.31, ?3.64, ?2.75, P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the artificial assisted defecation for the 31 patients before and after surgery ( Z=?1.31, P>0.05). (3) PAC-QoL. The score of physical discomfort, satisfaction, worries and concerns, psychological discomfort for the 31 patients were 2.3(range, 1.0?4.0), 3.2(range, 1.0?4.8), 2.2(range, 0.6?4.0), 1.8(range, 0.4?3.9) before surgery, versus 1.6(range, 0?4.0), 2.3(range, 0?4.0), 1.7(range, 0?4.0), 1.3(range, 0?4.0)after surgery, respectively, showing significant differences before and after surgery ( Z=?3.49, ?2.17, ?2.50, ?3.05, P<0.05). Conclusions:The long-term outcomes of LVR for obstructive defecation with overt pelvic structural abnorma-lities are satisfactory. Symptoms as frequency of bowel movements, difficult of bowel movements, sensation of incomplete defecation, abdominal distension or pain, time of each bowel movements and daily unsuccessful times of defecation will be significantly improved after LVR and the constipation quality of life of patients will be improved.
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Background Diabetes is a major contributor to global burden of disease. The role of magnesium in the prevention of diabetes has aroused concern. However, the research results on the impact of dietary magnesium on the risk of diabetes are hitherto inconsistent. Objective To evaluate the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of diabetes through a systematic review. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang databases were searched for prospective studies that contained risk estimates for magnesium intake-associated diabetes and were published from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2021. Two researchers independently screened the literature according to a set of pre-prepared inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted the data according to an unified data extraction table, and evaluated the quality of included articles with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). R 4.0.3 software and Stata SE16.0 software were used for meta-analysis and subgroup meta-analysis, and Higgins I2 statistics were used to test the heterogeneity of the included studies. The sources of heterogeneity were analyzed by univariate meta regression. Results A total of 14 articles involving 17 prospective cohort studies (1065267 participants and 40506 patients with diabetes) were included in the study. The NOS scores ranged from 8 to 9, with an average of 8.6, indicating that the included studies were classified as being high quality. The highest quintile of magnesium intake group reduced the risk of diabetes by 22% (RR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.73-0.82) compared with the lowest quintile group. This association was not substantially modified by geographic region, sex, or follow-up length. The highest quintile of dietary magnesium intake in the Americas and Asia were associated with 22% and 26% reductions in the risk of type 2 diabetes respectively compared with the lowest quintile group (the Americas, RR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.73-0.84; Asia, RR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.63-0.88); The highest quintile of dietary magnesium intake in female, male and without gender stratified were associated with 22%, 19% and 46% reductions in the risk of type 2 diabetes respectively compared with the lowest quintile group (Female RR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.73-0.84; Male RR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.74-0.89; Both RR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.42-0.68); Compared with the lowest quintile groups, the groups with the highest quintile of dietary magnesium intake with a follow-up time of less than 10 years and more than 10 years reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 26% and 20% respectively (≤10 years, RR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.65-0.83; ＞10 years, RR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.75-0.85). After adjusting for hypertension, the highest quintile of dietary magnesium intake group reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 20% compared with the lowest quintile group (RR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.74-0.85). The year of publication (P<0.05) or the sex of the subjects (P<0.05) may be the source of heterogeneity by meta regression test. The results of Egger’s test for funnel plot asymmetry suggested publication bias. Conclusion The combined data supports a role for high magnesium intake in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. Because it is difficult to separate the effect of magnesium intake on diabetes risk from other factors, large-scale and clinical randomized controlled trials are needed to directly assess the impact of magnesium on the incidence rate of diabetes.
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Background At present, domestic and foreign studies on the association between dietary magnesium and diabetes risk are not consistent, and there are relatively few prospective studies in China and the study population is relatively limited. Objective To explore the association between dietary magnesium intake and diabetes risk in Chinese adults in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities), and to provide a scientific basis for revising dietary magnesium intake reference for Chinese residents. Methods A total of 8061 adults aged 18-64 who participated in at least two follow-up surveys in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009, 2015, and 2018, had complete survey data, and did not report diabetes at baseline were selected as subjects. Food consumption data were collected from 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls and by weighing household cooking oil and condiments. The average daily dietary magnesium intake was calculated based on the food composition table. Multiple Cox proportional risk regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) model were used to analyze the association and dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and diabetes risk. Diabetes was defined according to the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2020 edition). Results A total of 47237.46 person-years were followed up, with an average follow-up of 5.86 years. Among 8061 subjects, the incidence rate was 8.86%. Compared with those in the top quintile of magnesium intake (Q5), those with lower dietary magnesium intake were more likely to be female, have higher income, higher education, live in urban areas, and have lower intakes of energy, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors, compared with adults in the lowest quintile of dietary magnesium intake, the results of Cox proportional risk regression model showed that the second (median: 220.96 mg·d−1), third (median: 263.01 mg·d−1), and fourth (median: 312.33mg·d−1) quintile dietary magnesium intake reduced the risk of diabetes by 45% (HR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.43-0.71), 39% (HR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.47-0.78), and 34% (HR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.51-0.78), respectively. The results of RCS analysis showed that dietary magnesium intake and the risk of diabetes were U-shaped overall. Taking the 5th percentile magnesium intake as reference, when dietary magnesium intake was lower than 240 mg·d−1, the risk of diabetes gradually decreased with the increase of magnesium intake; the risk was the lowest at 240 mg·d−1, followed by a slight increase in risk at 240-400 mg·d−1; and no statistical difference presented in the association between dietary magnesium and diabetes risk after 650 mg·d−1. Conclusion The study findings suggest an association between dietary magnesium intake and diebetes risk. The association is negative and non-linear when dietary magnesium intake is below 240 mg·d−1.
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Background Magnesium plays an important physiological role in human, but the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension is unclear. Few studies have reported the dose-response relationship in Chinese population. Objective To analyze the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults aged 18-64 years, and to explore the dose-response relationship. Methods A total of 13082 adults aged 18-64 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 2000 to 2018 were selected. Dietary data were obtained by consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recall and weighting & bookkeeping method. Blood pressure was measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or self-reported hypertension history or using antihypertensive drugs. The mean of dietary magnesium intake in all survey years (excluding the last survey) was used as the dietary magnesium intake of the subject, and the mean of dietary magnesium intake was divided into 5 equal groups. Cox proportional risk model with adjustments for socio-demographic factors, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking, sleep time, physical activity, and dietary factors, was used to analyze the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding baseline diabetes patients and adjusting for baseline blood pressure. In addition, a restricted cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between them. Results In this study, male participants accounted for 47.70%, and those aged 18-44 years accounted for 72.47%. The mean follow-up time was 12.56 years and the prevalence of hypertension was 13.86%. Dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with the risk of hypertension at the 4th quintile (median 333.56 mg·d−1) and the 5th quintile (median 420.07 mg·d−1) compared with the 1st quintile (median 189.06 mg·d–1), and the hazard risk (HR) values and associated 95%CIs were 0.81 (0.67-0.97) and 0.81 (0.66-0.99) respectively. After eliminating baseline diabetes and adjusting baseline blood pressure, dietary magnesium intake remained negatively associated with the risk of hypertension, which was consistent with the population-wide HR. The association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension was non-linear (χ2=11.07, P=0.01). When dietary magnesium intake was higher than 339 mg·d−1, the risk of hypertension decreased, and the HR value was the lowest in 375-418 mg·d−1 (HR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.45-0.94), and then gradually tended to 1. There was no statistically significant association at 467 mg·d−1 and above. Conclusion Magnesium intake in the range of 339-467 mg·d−1 is negatively associated with the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults, presenting a U-shaped dose-response relationship.
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Background Magnesium is an important nutrient, and participates in most metabolic processes. Many studies show an association between dietary magnesium intakes and nutrition-related diseases such as diabetes. However, the data of dietary magnesium intakes and secular trends among the whole life cycle of Chinese residents are not available. Objective To investigate the dietary magnesium intakes and associated secular trends over the past three decades in residents of all ages and China, to identify the high-risk residents of magnesium deficiency and plan nutritional interventions, and provide basic data support for the revision of dietary magnesium reference intake. Method The data came from the 10 rounds of the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" from 1991 to 2018, and the participants with complete sociodemographic and dietary data wereselected. The median intakes, insufficient rates, and secular trends of dietary magnesium intakes were analyzed in different survey years. Analysis of multiple linear regression was used to analyze the annual change characteristics of dietary magnesium intakes controlling gender, age, education, urban-rural stratum, and north-south region. Wilcoxon trend test was used to analyze the secular trends of dietary magnesium intakes in different characteristic groups. The trends of insufficient rate were analyzed by Cochran-Armitage trend test among different characteristic groups. Results A total of 127169 residents were included in the present study. The medians of dietary magnesium intakes in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2018 were 283.70, 283.38, 304.26, 285.50, 283.64, 275.49, 267.92, 242.93, 240.51, and 238.89 mg·d−1, respectively, showing a significant downward trend (F=2931.81, P<0.001). Dietary magnesium intakes showed significant differences in gender, age, education level, income level, urban-rural stratum, and north-south region in almost all survey years, except that there was no significant difference among different income groups in 1991. Insufficient rate of dietary magnesium intake showed a significant upward trend (Z=62.62, P<0.001), approximate 60% of Chinese residents consumed insufficient magnesium. The insufficient rate was 53.94% for male and 65.35% for female, and the insufficient rate in the 14-17 age group was as high as 71.29%. Conclusion The dietary magnesium intake shows a significant downward trend and insufficient intake of dietary magnesium is prevalent among Chinese population. It is necessary to observe the high-risk population and conduct relevant nutritional interventions, as well as to further assess the recommended intake of magnesium.
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Background Global dietary magnesium insufficiency is widespread and seriously harmful to human health. There are few studies on dietary magnesium intake in China, and associated dietary intervention lacks scientific support. Objective To explore the dietary magnesium intake level and food sources of Chinese adults aged 18-64 in 2018, and to identify the problems of dietary magnesium intake. Methods A total of 9181 residents in the 2018 "China Health and Nutrition Survey" were selected as the study subjects. Types and intake of food collected from consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls and by household condiment weighing and counting method. The average daily dietary magnesium intake and the composition of main food sources were calculated using the food composition table. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic factors and insufficient dietary magnesium intake. Results In 2018, the daily intake of magnesium in P50 (P25, P75) of adults aged 18-64 in 15 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China was 252.28 (196.25, 326.27) mg. The proportion of residents with insufficient dietary magnesium intake was 60.9%. The proportions of women, adults aged 18-49, urban residents, southern region residents, and western regions residents with insufficient dietary magnesium intake were 66.4%, 63.4%, 62.4%, 65.2%, and 68.3%, respectively. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risks of insufficient dietary magnesium intake were 64.6%, 24.6%, and 43.6% higher in women, urban residents, and southern region residents than those in men, rural residents, and northern region residents, respectively (OR=1.646, 95%CI: 1.509-1.794; OR=1.246, 95%CI: 1.126-1.379; OR=1.436, 95%CI: 1.311-1.573); the risk of insufficient dietary magnesium intake in residents aged 50-64 was 15.7% lower than that in residents aged 18-49 (OR=0.843, 95%CI: 0.771-0.921); the risks of insufficient magnesium intake in residents in middle and western areas were 1.202 times and 1.590 times of that in residents in eastern area (OR=1.202, 95%CI: 1.079-1.340; OR=1.590, 95%CI: 1.424-1.776). The effect of education level and income level on magnesium intake insufficiency was not observed (P>0.05). In addition, 41.4% of dietary magnesium of the subjects came from cereals and products (ranking first in food sources), and only 2.4% from dark vegetables with rich magnesium content (ranking sixth place). The top six dietary magnesium sources of men and women were the same. The proportion of dietary magnesium from cereals and products was 6.3% higher in rural residents than in urban residents, and 9.3% higher in residents living in northern regions than those in southern regions. The proportion of dietary magnesium from livestock meat and products was 1.3% higher in the 18-49 age group than in the 50-64 age group, 0.9% higher in urban residents than in rural residents, and 1.6% higher in western region residents than in eastern region residents. Conclusion The dietary magnesium intake of Chinese residents is generally insufficient, and the source of dietary magnesium is irrational. Women, residents aged 18-49, residents in southern, middle, and western areas are high-risk populations of dietary magnesium insufficiency. Chinese residents are encouraged to eat more dark vegetables and whole grain food; women should improve their dietary quality and intake diverse magnesium-rich food; southern region residents and urban residents should increase the intake of whole grains and avoid over refining food; residents aged 18-49, urban residents, and those in western regions should adjust their dietary structure and reduce meat intake.
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Background Overweight and obesity are on the rise all over the world and are related to a variety of chronic diseases. There is a lack of such research on the population aged 18-35. Objective To explore the trends of overweight and obesity in adults aged 18-35 from 1989 to 2018 and the epidemiological characteristics in 2018. Methods A total of 22425 adults aged 18-35 enrolled in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2018 were selected as study subjects. Overweight and obesity were judged in accordance with WST 428-2013 Determination of adult weight. The trend analysis of body mass index (BMI) level adopted a general linear model, and the trend analysis of overweight and obesity rate adopted a chi-square test for trend. A joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC). A log-binomial regression model was used to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic factors and overweight/obesity, and a model with sex stratification was also constructed. Results In the period of 1989–2018, the BMI, overweight rate, and obesity rate of adults aged 18-35 all showed an upward trend. The BMI increased from (21.3±2.3) kg·m−2 to (23.3±4.0) kg·m−2, and the rate of overweight and obesity increased from 12.1% to 36.8%. The results of joinpoint regression model showed that 2000 was a joinpoint, and the APCs of overweight rates of 1989–2000 and 2000–2018 were 4.1% and 2.4% respectively (P < 0.05), and the APCs of obesity rates were 15.2% and 7.5% respectively (P < 0.05). From 1989 to 2018, the overweight rate increased at an average annual rate of 3.1% (AAPC=3.1%, 95%CI: 2.4%-3.7%, P<0.05), and the obesity rate increased at an average annual rate of 10.3% (AAPC=10.3%, 95%CI: 7.6%-13.2%, P<0.05). The overweight and obesity rates of men, the 25-35 age group, and northerners were 49.5%, 38.7%, and 45.4% respectively. About 52.6% of men aged 25-35 were overweight and obese. The results of log-binomial regression analysis showed that the risks of overweight and obesity were lower in women (with men as reference, RR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.44-0.65) and in southerners (with northerners as reference, RR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.61-0.91), but was higher in the 25-35 year old group (with the 18-24 year old group as reference, RR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.07-1.87). After stratification by sex, the results of log-binomial regression analysis showed that compared with men aged 18-34, men aged 25-35 had an increased risk of overweight and obesity (RR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.04-2.14), and compared with women in the north, women in the south had a lower risk of overweight and obesity (RR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.46-0.87). Conclusion The problem of overweight and obesity of Chinese adults aged 18-35 is serious. We should give priority to intervene and prevent the overweight and obesity of men, people aged 25-35, and northerners, especially men aged 25-35.
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Objective:To study the mechanism of the effect of Jiajian-Zhujing Decoction on the expression of VEGF on ARPE-19 cells after AKT transfection. Methods:To prepare the serum and blank serum of Jiajian-Zhujing Decoction and divide ARPE-19 cells into the normal group, model group, blank serum group, medicated serum group, Conbercept group and combined group. Except normal group, this research established AKT transfected cell model. Then cultured the normal group and model group with conventional method, and the blank serum group was cultured with 10% blank serum, the medicated serum group was cultured with 10% medicated serum, the Conbercept group was cultured with 20 μg/ml Conbercept, the combined group was cultured with 10% medicated serum and 20 μg/m Conbercept. The proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in each group was detect by the CCK-8 method. The levels of AKT, mTOR and VEGF mRNA were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Western blot was used to detect the expression of AKT, mTOR and VEGF. Results:After being cultured for 24, 48 and 72 hours, compared with the model group, the cell proliferation rate in blank serum group, medicated serum group, Conbercept group and combined group significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of AKT mRNA (24 h: 3.10 ± 0.48, 1.97 ± 0.14, 1.26 ± 0.24 vs. 4.77 ± 0.68; 48 h: 3.52 ± 0.82, 2.62 ± 0.77, 1.10 ± 0.19 vs. 6.12 ± 1.21), mTOR mRNA (24 h: 3.02 ± 0.26, 2.45 ± 0.75, 1.13 ± 0.15 vs. 4.48 ± 0.80; 48 h: 1.29 ± 0.30, 1.30 ± 0.57, 0.65 ± 0.19 vs. 2.54 ± 0.62), VEGF mRNA (24 h: 3.33 ± 0.62, 2.18 ± 0.20, 1.55 ± 0.28 vs. 5.53 ± 1.02; 48 h: 2.35 ± 0.54, 1.23 ± 0.28, 0.93 ± 0.25 vs. 3.59 ± 0.40), AKT protion (24 h: 0.45 ± 0.09, 0.25 ± 0.05, 0.14 ± 0.04 vs. 0.62 ± 0.04; 48 h: 0.36 ± 0.06, 0.23 ± 0.04, 0.14 ± 0.03 vs. 0.54 ± 0.08), mTOR protion (24 h: 0.35 ± 0.05, 0.24 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.02 vs. 0.52 ± 0.09; 48 h: 0.23 ± 0.04, 0.29 ± 0.04, 0.14 ± 0.03 vs. 0.40 ± 0.10), VEGF protion (24 h: 0.14 ± 0.03, 0.33 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.03 vs. 0.54 ± 0.10; 48 h: 0.24 ± 0.03, 0.17 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.02 vs. 0.42 ± 0.10) significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the combined group was significantly lower than that of the Conbercept group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:AKT transfection can promote the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells, and Jiajian-Zhujing Decoction can significantly inhibit this proliferation. Jiajian-Zhujing Decoction may inhibit the activity of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to reduce the expression of VEGF.
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Glaucoma,the major cause of global irreversible blindness,is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve.Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and progressive loss of optic nerve axons results in structural and functional deficits in glaucoma patients.Growing evidence obtained from clinical and experimental studies over the last decade strongly suggests the involvement of the immune system in the neurodegenerative process of glaucoma.This review aims to provide a perspective on the complex interplay of cellular events during glaucomatous neurodegeneration that involves aberrances or dysfunctions of immune system,such as ocular immune privilege,glial activation response,T cell-mediated immune responses,autoantibody-mediated immune responses,complement fixation reaction and aging,oxidative stress.The complex interplay of cellular events amplify the primary injury process and contribute to disease progression by oxidative stress and immune response,ultimately lead to cell death with loss of RGCs.
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Objective To investigate the clinical allocation significance of modified early warning score (MEWS) for emergency department patients.Methods MEWS of 1 069 patients in medical emergency department from August 2011 to March 2013 were recorded and analyzed.The admitted differences of MEWS among in intensive care unit(ICU),general wards and emergency transfer observing patients were compared.Results The MEWS of emergency department patients were different.The deaths and ICU patients together as ICU patients,MEWS ≥ 7 scores the proportion of patients admitted to ICU were significantly higher than those of MEWS 3-6 scores and 0-2 scores [37.8％(14/38) vs.2.1％ (6/289) and 0.1％(1/742)](P＜0.01).Conclusion MEWS provides an objective allocation basis for emergency department patients.
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Objective To investigate the accuracy of predicting acute postoperative pain by assessment of intravenous propofol injection-induced pain.Methods Seventy-one ASA I or Ⅱ patients aged 20-40 yr scheduled for induced abortion operation were enrolled in this study. The patients were unpremedicated. ECG, HR, BP and SpO_2 were continuously monitored before and during anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg propofol. A third of the induction dose was injected via a dorsal hand vein. Pain induced by iv propofol injection was assessed with verbal rating scale (VRS) (0 = no pain, 3 = severe pain) . Postoperative abdominal pain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = no pain, 100 = most severe pain) at 20 min after operation. Results The propofol injection pain occurred in 66% of patients. Postoperative VAS scores at rest and during activity and intravenous propofol injection-induced pain were significantly correlated (r = 0.561, P<0.01; r = 0.608, P<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of iv propofol injection-induced pain (VRS > 1) in predicting clinically significant acute postoperative pain (VAS > 30) were 96% and 52% respectively. Conclusion Preoperative iv propofol injection induced pain is a reliable factor in predicting acute postoperative pain and is useful in identifying those women who will experience greater pain after operation.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between Toll-like receptor and the immune regulation about inflammation by Sertoli cell in vitro.Methods:Here we examined the expression and potential functions of TLR family in rat Sertoli cells.Using our well-characterized urealyticum(UU) induced model we tested the expression changes of TLR2 and TLR6 at 12~(th),24~(th),36~(th) hours after UU infection in vitro.Results:We demonstrated that TLR2-8 are highly expressed;TLR9 and TLR10 are expressed at relatively low level;the expression of TLR1 and TLR5 are not detected in normal rat Sertoli cells.Comparing with control group,Sertoli cells express more TLR2 and TLR6 after infected by UU.Conclusion:There is some relationship between the activation of TLRs and the immune regulation about inflammation by Sertoli cell.
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Objective To assess the effect and safety of mono and combination of intravenous flurbiprofen axetil (FP) and epidural tramadol on postoperative pain after cesarean section. Methods Eighty parturients undergoing selected cesarean section with combined epidural spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=20 in each): Group FT treated with intravenous FP 50 mg immediately after the umbilical cord was clamped (T1) and epidural tramadol at the time of suturing peritonaeum (T2);Group FF treated with intravenous FP 50 mg at T1 and T2;Group T treated with epidural tramadol 100 mg at T2, and Group F treated with FP 50 mg at T2. Postoperative pain was assessed by parturients using visual analog scales (VAS) at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h after surgery. The cases that patients required rescued analgesia were recorded as well as the times of analgesics administration. The events of nausea and vomiting within 24 hours as well as the time of first breast-feeding were observed. Results All groups were similar in VAS at 2 hours after surgery, but were statistically significant different at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Group FF showed significant lower VAS than the other 3 groups. However, no significant difference of VAS was observed among the other 3 groups. Rescued analgesia was administered once after surgery to 7 cases in Group F, 4 in Group T, and 2 in Group FT. No patient in Group FF required rescued analgesia. There was significant difference in the rate of rescued analgesia post surgery among the 4 groups (P=0.0149). No significance in the incidence of nausea and vomiting was observed in 4 groups. There was no significant difference in the time of first breast-feeding after surgery in the 4 groups (F=0.54,P=0.657). Conclusions Intravenous flurbiprofen axetil administration immediately after the umbilical cord is clamped and at the time of closing peritonaeum in cesarean section could relieve postoperative pain and reduce postoperative rescue analgesic requirement without increasing the incidence of nausea and vomiting.
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Objective:To study the effect of immune regulation of the rat Leydig cells in testis infection.Methods:UU was injected into the bladders of rats,which mimics the ascending infection pathway,while using culture medium injection as control.After 1,2,3 w respectively,the rats were sacrificed to observe the pathological alterations in testis by histological examination.Leydig cell were also separated from testis,the comparation of levels of IL-1,IL-6,TGF-?,Fas and FasL mRNA expression among control and UU infected groups was made by RT-PCR.Results:Compared with control,in UU infected group,the levels of IL-1,IL-6,TGF-? increased,the level of Fas decreased,the level of FasL increased.Conclusion:Leydig cell can play the role of immune regulation,with the expressing changes of IL-1,IL-6,TGF-?,Fas and FasL in the infection of testis in rat.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the bacterial endotoxin test of ~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection.METHO_ DS:After dilution with 10 parts of water,~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection was detected with a method of tachypleus amebocyte lysa_te(TAL) and subjected to verification test.RESULTS:The interference of the dilute ~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection on TAL can be eliminated after dilution,the bacterial endotoxin levels for 3 batches of 131Ⅰ-epidepride injection were all below 50EU/ml.CONCLUSION:The method for the bacterial endotoxin test of ~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection is feasible.
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Objective: To study the effect of immune regulation of the rat Sertoli cells in testis infection. Methods: UU and Escherichia coh'(E coli) were injected into the bladders of rats, which mimics the ascending infection pathway, while using culture medium injection as control. After 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks respectively, the rats were sacrificed to observe the pathological changes in testis section. Sertoli cells were separated and obtained from rat testis, then experiments were designed to use the immunohistochemical staining to examine the different level of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-P and FasL among control ,UU and E coli infected groups.Results:Compared with control, in UU and E.coli infected group, the level of IL-1 increased ,the level of IL-6 decreased, the levels of TGF-P and FasL increased. Conclusion: Sertoli cell can play the role of immune regulation, with the expressing changes of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-P and FasL in the infection of testis in rat.